philippe32003

Royaume-Uni

À l'été 54 avant JC, César débarque en Bretagne (l'actuelle Angleterre) avec deux légions et 80 bateaux puis, une nouvelle fois, avec cinq légions pour battre l'armée de Cassivellaunus. Il emmène avec lui ses alliés et vassaux gaulois. Parmi eux, un très jeune officier de cavalerie du nom de Vercingétorix...
"Trois mois à peine avant son arrivée, la Sixième Légion Victorieuse avait été transférée en territoire britannique. Elle y remplaçait la malheureuse Neuvième Légion taillée en pièces par les Calédoniens pendant les troubles qui avaient été en Bretagne le hideux contrecoup de notre expédition chez les Parthes. Deux mesures s'imposaient pour empêcher le retour d'un pareil désastre. Nos troupes furent renforcées par la création d'un corps auxiliaire indigène (…). En même temps, l'érection d'un mur coupant l'île en deux dans sa partie la plus étroite servit à protéger les régions fertiles et policées du sud contre les attaques des tribus du nord. J'ai inspecté moi-même une bonne partie de ces travaux engagés partout à la fois sur un glacis de quatre-vingts lieues : j'y trouvais l'occasion d'essayer, sur cet espace bien délimité qui va d'une côte à l'autre, un système de défense qui pourrait ensuite s'appliquer partout ailleurs. Mais déjà cet ouvrage purement militaire favorisait la paix, développait la prospérité de cette partie de la Bretagne ; des villages se créaient ; un mouvement d'afflux se produisait vers nos frontières. Les terrassiers de la légion étaient secondés dans leur tâche par des équipes indigènes ; l'érection du mur était pour beaucoup de ces montagnards, hier encore insoumis, la première preuve irréfutable du pouvoir protecteur de Rome ; l'argent de la solde la première monnaie romaine qui leur passait par les mains. Ce rempart devint l'emblème de mon renoncement à la politique de conquête : au pied du bastion le plus avancé, je fis ériger un temple au dieu Terme." (Marguerite Yourcenar, Mémoires d'Hadrien, Éd. Gallimard, coll. Folio, 1974)

Photos de « La Marche de La Légion » :

Royaume-Uni

FIFE, a maritime county of the east side of Scotland, lying nearly in the middle of the lowland region, which is bounded by the Lammermoors on the south, and the Grampians on the north. It is a peninsula, enclosed by the frith of Tay on the north, the German ocean on the east, and the frith of Forth on the south; and it marches on the west with Perthshire, Kinross-shire, and Clackmannanshire ...The southern coast is, for the most part, indented by small rocky bays with corresponding projecting headlands; but along the banks of the Tay, the grounds slope gently toward the beach, and are generally cultivated to the river's edge. Along the north-eastern shore, towards St Andrews, it presents one large plain, terminating in a flat beach of sand."
from the Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland, edited by John Marius Wilson, 1868.

This article is about the area in Scotland. For other uses, see Fife (disambiguation).
Fife (Gaelic: Fìobh) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. It was originally one of the Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib, and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland.
It is a lieutenancy area, and was a county of Scotland until 1975. It was very occasionally known by the anglification Fifeshire in old documents and maps compiled by English cartographers and authors. A person from Fife is known as a Fifer.
From 1975 to 1996 Fife was a local government region divided into three districts — Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife. Since 1996 the functions of the district councils have been exercised by the unitary Fife Council.
Fife is Scotland's 3rd largest local authority area with a resident population of just under 360,000. Almost a third of the population live in the three principal towns of Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes.
The historical town of St Andrews is located on the east coast of Fife. It is well known for one of the most ancient universities in Europe, and as the home of golf

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. This branch also includes the Irish and Manx languages. It is distinct from the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, which includes Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Scottish, Manx and Irish Gaelic are all descended from Old Irish. The language is often described as Scottish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, or Gàidhlig to avoid confusion with the other two Goidelic languages. Outside Scotland, it is occasionally also called Scottish, a usage dating back over 1,500 years; for example Old English Scottas. Scottish Gaelic should not be confused with Scots, because since the 16th century the word Scots has by-and-large been used to describe the Lowland Anglic language, which developed from the northern form of early Middle English. In Scottish English, Gaelic is pronounced [ˈgaːlɪk]; outside Scotland, it is usually pronounced /ˈgeɪlɪk/.
The Picts were a confederation of tribes in what later was to become central and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century. They lived to the north of the Forth and Clyde. They are often assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes named by Roman historians or found on the world map of Ptolemy, though the evidence for this connection is circumstantial and the issue of "Pict" origins remains controversial among historians. Pictland, also known as Pictavia, became the Kingdom of Alba during the 10th century and the Picts became the Fir Alban, the men of Scotland.
Archaeology gives some impression of the society of the Picts. Although very little in the way of Pictish writing has survived, Pictish history since late 6th century is known from a variety of sources, including saints' lives, such as that of Columba by Adomnán, and various Irish annals. Although the popular impression of the Picts may be one of an obscure, mysterious people, this is far from being the case. When compared with the generality of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pictish history and society are well attested.[1]
The Picts were a confederation of tribes in what later was to become central and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century. They lived to the north of the Forth and Clyde. They are often assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes named by Roman historians or found on the world map of Ptolemy, though the evidence for this connection is circumstantial and the issue of "Pict" origins remains controversial among historians. Pictland, also known as Pictavia, became the Kingdom of Alba during the 10th century and the Picts became the Fir Alban, the men of Scotland.
Archaeology gives some impression of the society of the Picts. Although very little in the way of Pictish writing has survived, Pictish history since late 6th century is known from a variety of sources, including saints' lives, such as that of Columba by Adomnán, and various Irish annals. Although the popular impression of the Picts may be one of an obscure, mysterious people, this is far from being the case. When compared with the generality of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pictish history and society are well attested.
he Picts were a confederation of tribes in what later was to become central and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century. They lived to the north of the Forth and Clyde. They are often assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes named by Roman historians or found on the world map of Ptolemy, though the evidence for this connection is circumstantial and the issue of "Pict" origins remains controversial among historians. Pictland, also known as Pictavia, became the Kingdom of Alba during the 10th century and the Picts became the Fir Alban, the men of Scotland.

Archaeology gives some impression of the society of the Picts. Although very little in the way of Pictish writing has survived, Pictish history since late 6th century is known from a variety of sources, including saints' lives, such as that of Columba by Adomnán, and various Irish annals. Although the popular impression of the Picts may be one of an obscure, mysterious people, this is far from being the case. When compared with the generality of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pictish history and society are well attested.
The name by which the Picts called themselves is unknown. The Greek word Πικτοί (Latin Picti) first appears in a panegyric written by Eumenius in AD 297 and is taken to mean "painted or tattooed people" (Latin pingere "paint"). The Gaels of Ireland and the Scottish kingdom of Dál Riata called the Picts Cruithne, (Old Irish cru(i)then-túath), presumably from Proto-Celtic *kwriteno-toutā. There were also people referred to as Cruithne in Ulster, in particular the kings of Dál nAraidi.[2] The Britons (later the Welsh and Cornish) in the south knew them, in the P-Celtic form of "Cruithne", as Prydyn; the terms "Britain" and "Briton" come from the same root.[3] Their Old English name gave the modern Scots form Pecht
The means by which the Pictish confederation formed in Late Antiquity from a number of tribes are as obscure as the processes which created the Franks, the Alamanni and similar confederations in Germany. The presence of the Roman Empire, unfamiliar in size, culture, political systems and ways of making war, should be noted. Nor can we ignore the wealth and prestige that control of trade with Rome offered.
Pictland had previously been described as the home of the Caledonii.[6] Other tribes said to have lived in the area included the Verturiones, Taexali and Venicones.[7] Except for the Caledonians, the names may be second- or third-hand: perhaps as reported to the Romans by speakers of Brythonic or Gaulish languages.[8]

Pictish recorded history begins in the Dark Ages. It appears that they were not the dominant power in Northern Britain for the entire period. Firstly the Gaels of Dál Riata dominated the region, but suffered a series of defeats in the first third of the 7th century.[9] The Angles of Bernicia overwhelmed the adjacent British kingdoms, and the neighbouring Anglian kingdom of Deira (Bernicia and Deira later being called Northumbria), was to become the most powerful kingdom in Britain.[10] The Picts were probably tributary to Northumbria until the reign of Bridei map Beli, when the Anglians suffered a defeat at the battle of Dunnichen which halted their expansion northwards. The Northumbrians continued to dominate southern Scotland for the remainder of the Pictish period.
The Picts are often said to have tattooed themselves, but evidence for this is limited. Naturalistic depictions of Pictish nobles, hunters and warriors, male and female, without obvious tattoos, are found on monumental stones. These stones include inscriptions in Latin and Ogham script, not all of which have been deciphered. The well known Pictish symbols found on stones, and elsewhere, are obscure in meaning. A variety of esoteric explanations have been offered, but the simplest conclusion may be that these symbols represent the names of those who had raised, or are commemorated on, the stones. Pictish art can be classed as Celtic, and later as Insular.Irish poets portrayed their Pictish counterparts as very much like themselves.

Photos de « country of fife » :

France

Saint-Pierre-Quiberon Port de Portivy Juillet et Aout 2008

(en breton : Sant-Pêr-Kiberen) est une commune française, située dans le département du Morbihan et la région Bretagne. Les habitants s'appellent les Saint-Pierrois. Historiquement, Saint-Pierre-Quiberon est un démembrement en 1653 de la paroisse de Quiberon qui est, elle-même, un démembrement de l'ancienne paroisse primitive de Plouharnel. Le territoire de Saint-Pierre-Quiberon dépendait autrefois du doyenné de Pou-Belz.

Portivy petit Port de pêche,

Petit port a ne pas manquer sur la presqu'ile de QUIBERON - Situé juste avant la
côte sauvage, derriére le fort de Penthiévre, un petit port crabier, ou il fait bon de
vivre - On accéde directement a la côte sauvage, par la route côtière départ de promenade pour la côte sauvage on y trouve un club de plongée . De part et d'autre du port (de belle plages de sable fin.)

A voir le monument en l'honneur de mères des soldats nord américains qui ont combattu en Europe

Le Fort de Penthièvre

Classé monument historique en 1933, le fort de Penthièvre, situé sur la presqu'ïle de Quiberon dans le Morbihan, sert aujourd'hui de centre d'instruction et d'initiation commando.
Après le débarquement anglais de 1746 sur la presqu'île de Quiberon, les soldats du général Saint-Clair édifièrent les premiers retranchements que la presqu'île ait connus et dont il reste encore aujourd'hui les escarpes de pierres sèches, appuyées au fort actuel et au rivage de la baie de Quiberon.
Construction de la redoute
En 1748, afin de se prémunir contre une attaque anglaise dont l'objectif était la destruction de Lorient (base de la compagnie française des Indes, rivale de la compagnie anglaise installée à Londres), le duc de Penthièvre, amiral de France et gouverneur de Bretagne, ordonne de fortifier la palisse (ancien nom du promontoire où se trouve le fort actuel). Sur les projets de M. de Marolles, ingénieur du roi, sont effectués la construction de la "redoute" de Quiberon et le terrassement en forme de saillant de trois mètres de hauteur, comportant un logement pour trente hommes et un magasin à poudre. On a appelé la redoute "fort de Penthièvre" du nom de son fondateur.
Fortification à la Vauban
Sous le Consulat, le Premier Empire et la Restauration et principalement sous la Monarchie de Juillet, il prend sa forme actuelle de fortification à la Vauban : glacis extérieur, en avant de la banquette d'infanterie, douve extérieure protégeant la défense, avec ses batteries, douves intérieures au pied de caserne défensive, chemin de ronde entre le parapet qui couronne l'escarpement de la côte. La pièce essentielle est la caserne défensive, qui pouvait abriter 400 hommes sous les voûtes à l'épreuve des bombes.La fortification actuelle a reçu sa forme définitive entre 1841 et 1845.
Mémoire
Le 23 juin 1933, le fort est désaffecté et classé monument historique.
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il fait partie, avec trois blockhaus en ciment armé pour canons anti-chars et mitrailleuses lourdes, du mur de l'Atlantique. D'avril à juillet 1944, il sert de geôle, de tribunal sommaire, de lieu d'exécution et de charnier : 59 patriotes y sont exécutés. Un monument élevé sur le glacis du fort rappelle leur sacrifice, qui est commémoré chaque année le 13 juillet.
Depuis 1969, le fort est placé sous la responsabilité du 3ème Régiment d'Infanterie de marine stationné à Vannes. Il sert maintenant de centre d'instruction et d'initiation commando (piste d'audace, escalade, nautisme).

Photos de « St Pierre Quiberon Portivy 2008 » :

the Scottish Borders on tweed river : à mémorable souvenir de tranquillité après les semaines de travails a Leeds
Berwick was part of the ransom paid by the captured William the Lion of Scotland to Henry II in 1147. It was sold to the Scots by Richard I to get money for his Crusade. I t was destroyed in 1216 by King John in person. When William Wallace (Braveheart) was executed in 1305 in London, one quarter of him was displayed here as a warning to other rebels. I can only assume that the Wallace green was named after him The Countess of Buchan, who had crowned Robert Bruce King of Scotland, was caged for six years in the castle yard from1306.
Berwick has had two sets of protecting walls and the remains of the later ones give visitors their most interesting circuit of the town. The first walls were completed in the reign of Edward II and little is left of them. The town was then fortified by Elizabeth I, starting in 1558, on the new Italian design with great emphasis on effective use of artillery

of Northumbria to the north of the River Tweed was ceded to Scotland, after the Northumberians were defeated by the Scots in a battle at Carham on tweed, a few miles upstream from Berwick.

Around 1120, King David made Berwick one of Scotland's four royal burghs, giving its freemen a number of valuable rights and privileges that allowed the town to prosper and become Scotland's greatest seaport and its largest and wealthiest town by the 13th century. The port thrived on the export of wool, grain and salmon, and traders from Germany and Flanders set up homers and businesses in the town to make it a major international commercial centre, described by one medieval writer as the "Alexandria of the North".

This golden age came to a violent end in 1296, when King Edward I of England captured and sacked Berwick, beginning a period of some 300 years of warfare between England and Scotland.

Anglo-Scottish Wars
The Borderlands to north and south of the River Tweed became a fortified frontier district, its once-rich farmlands devastated and its landscape dotted with castles, towers and battlefields. Between 1296 and 1482, Berwick was besieged and assaulted on more occasions than any other town in the world other than Jerusalem, changing hands no less than 13 times!
Elizabethan "Star Wars"
Berwick's medieval defences could not withstand the powerful artillery of the 16th century, and Queen Elizabeth I engaged an Italian engineer to design and supervise the construction of an ambitious system of fortifications, employing the most up-to-date technology of the time.
This circuit of ramparts and bastions is unique in the United Kingdom and still stands virtually intact. This was truly a "Star Wars" project in terms of scale of expenditure in money and labour. Berwick's Elizabethan defences ensured that the town has remained in English hands to this day.
A Garrison Town
From the Middle Ages to the 1960s, Berwick was a garrison town. Cromwell's soldiers occupied it during the Civil Wars in the 17th century, Jacobites threatened it in 1715 and 1745, and the town's fortifications were again upgraded to ward off possible French assaults in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
In 1882, Berwick Barracks became the depot of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, who still have their Headquarters there, though the Regiment has been barracked near Edinburgh since the mid-1960s. All around the town are reminders of Berwick's history as a Border fortress town, from the ruins of its medieval castle and town walls, its unique Elizabethan fortifications, the 18th century barracks, gunpowder magazine and guard-houses, to the emplacements for guns that defended Berwick during two World Wars.
Now Berwick is at peace and its fortifications afford a wonderful walk with superb views of the town, and along the Northumberland Coast and the Tweed Valley.

Photos de « tweed » :